See California v. Greenwood, 486 U.S. 35, 37 (1988) (Defendant has no reasonable expectation of privacy in his curb-side trash). However, this Court has noted that constitutional interpretation start[s] with the text, Gamble v. United States, 139 S. Ct. 1960, Searching for a Fourth Amendment Standard, 41 Duke L.J. margin-bottom: 20px; All searches and seizures under Fourth Amendment must be reasonable. Students will need accesseither digitally or physicallyto the Common Interpretation essay. According to Justice Alito, it was almost impossible to think of late-18th-century situations that are analogous to those facts. There are investigatory stops that fall short of arrests, but nonetheless, they fall within Fourth Amendment protection. Exceptions to the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine are: the inevitable discovery rule, the independent source doctrine, and the attenuation rule. In the 2010 case of City of Ontario v. Quon (08-1332), the Supreme Court extended this lack of an expectation of privacy to text messages sent and received on an employer-owned pager. A second metaphor questions whether a . } In the 1967 case ofKatz v. United States, the Supreme Court called this mutual understanding a reasonable expectation of privacy, and made it the standard for deciding when Fourth Amendment protections apply a standard we continue to follow today. !function(e,a,t){var n,r,o,i=a.createElement("canvas"),p=i.getContext&&i.getContext("2d");function s(e,t){var a=String.fromCharCode;p.clearRect(0,0,i.width,i.height),p.fillText(a.apply(this,e),0,0);e=i.toDataURL();return p.clearRect(0,0,i.width,i.height),p.fillText(a.apply(this,t),0,0),e===i.toDataURL()}function c(e){var t=a.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=t.type="text/javascript",a.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(t)}for(o=Array("flag","emoji"),t.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},r=0;r
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